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HISTORICAL DATA 

FROM 

ANCIENT RECORDS AND RUINS 

OF 

MEXICO 

AND 

CENTRAL AMERICA 



,<oNe ^^op,r^ 



CO PAN 



\ 




LOUIS E. HILLS 



PRICE 50 CENTS 




LOUIS E. HILLS. 



HISTORICAL DATA 

FROM 

Ancient Records and Ruins 

OF 

Mexico 

AND 

Central America 

BY 

LOUIS E. HILLS 
Independence, Mo. 



Your short work on the Popol Vuh 

We've read, and believe it to be true; 

Of primitive people who crossed the seas, 

In ancient records called Quinames; 

And Nahua history plainly told, 

In Toltec records two thousand years old. 

Error always opposes truth; 

You'll meet opposition, but win forsooth. 

Live on! Fight on! We'll help you through; 

We'U all subscribe for Volume Two. 



PRICE, 50 CENTS 



Copyright, 1919, 
By LOUIS E. HILLS 






PREFACE. 

I am offering to students of American archaeology 
something definite on geographical location for use in the 
study of the traditional history of the Ancient Americans ; 
showing landing places of the different colonies as told in 
their traditions, locations of the most ancient cities, and 
something of their migrations. 

The geography of a country is an indispensable requisite 
for the study of its history. 

To associate the geography of a country with its his- 
tory is the most efficient method of rendering the study 
both interesting and instructive. 

I have condensed many quotations for the sake of brev- 
ity, and to better gather out facts from the mass of fables, 
thus getting a clearer view of the true history by brushing 
away the cobwebs and dust of fiction, which have been ac- 
cumulating for many centuries. 

THE AUTHOR. 



f?'i 



4 



U 



)C1A532434 
AUG25lSiy 



Who Were the Ancient Americans? 



The remarkable evidence of ancient civilized nations 
who once flourished upon the American continent, who built 
great cities, pyramids and temples, the ruins of which may- 
still be seen, should create an interest in American arch- 
aeology, not only among men of science, but among men of 
intelligence throughout the world. 

Who they were or from whence they came have been 
the subjects of many and varied conjectures, and yet no 
satisfactory conclusions have been reached. 

Mr. Bancroft says: "The fragments 'we have of the 
ancient traditions' represent the history of many people for 
many centuries ; they are not necessarily contradictory, for 
in the absence of all chronology we have no means of know- 
ing to what epoch each refers. The apparent contradictions 
and inconsistencies result, for the most part, from the ef- 
forts of authors through whose writings the traditions are 
handed down to us, to reconcile them with their theories; 
to apply to one people the traditions of many, to a modern 
people the traditions of a remote antiquity, or to compress 
the events of eight or nine centuries into one." 

Mr. Bancroft gathered together a wonderful amount 
of traditional history in his five volumes of "Native 
Races," very valuable for the study of primitive history of 
the Ancient Americans ; yet he offers no credible solutions 
to the great questions, who were the ancestors of the An- 
cient Americans, from whence they came, and how they 
reached the American continent? 

"All writers agree in giving to the ancient nations of 
America a remote antiquity," and of the primitive annals 
in the Popol Vuh, Mr. Bancroft says : "We may be very sure 
that, be they marvelous or common-place, each is founded 
on an actual occurrence." 

Geography is an indispensable requisite for the study of 
history; to associate the geography of a country with its 
history is the most efficient method of rendering the study 
both interesting and instructive. 

There is a vast amount of traditional history, which, 
if systematically studied, may furnish sufficient evidence of 
location to make geography possible. While there may be 
unreasonable additions and distortions made by writers and 
translators of the ancient records, yet they are based upon 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 568. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 183. 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

facts. We may gather the wheat from the chaff by leaving 
out much of the unreasonable, and condense the facts which 
are supported by corroborative evidences. 

LOCATIONS DESCRIBED IN TRADITIONS. 
Method in Study. 

THREE COLONIES. 

Traditional history of Mexico and Central America 
tells of three colonies who came to the country from across 
th« sea ; one came from where the sun sets (west) , or across 
the Pacific, and two came from where the sun rises (east), 
or across the Atlantic. 

THE QUINAMES. 

The people of the primitive colony were called 
Quinames, or giants, in the traditions, because they knew of 
them as a race of large and powerful men. 

THE QUICHE TRADITIONS. 

The Quiche Indians of Guatemala in their traditions 
say, "The primitive people, or the first colony, were in the 
distant east beyond immense seas and lands"; that they 
crossed the sea in seven berks or ships, and disembarked 
at Panuco, in the Panuco riv^r near Tampico, jMexico. It 
is not stated from whence they came, but merely that they 
came out of the regions where the sun rises (or from the 
east) . 

FROM THE NAHUA RECORDS. 

"At the end of the first age of the world, as we are 
told by Ixtlilxochitl, the earth was visited by a flood which 
covered the most lofty mountains, after the repeopling of 
the earth by the descendants of a few families who escaped 
destruction, at the building of a tower, and the confusion 
of tongues, and consequent scattering of the population — 
for all these things were found in the native traditions as 
we are informed" — seven families speaking the same lan- 
guage kept together in their wanderings for many years; 
after crossing broad lands and seas, enduring great hard- 
ships, they reached Tamoanchan or Huehue Tlapallan." 
(Foot-note. —The date of the arrival (of this primitive 
colony) in Huehue Tlapallan is given by Ixtlilxochitl as 520 
years after the flood.) 

Torquemada's account of the primitive colony I con- 
dense. Certain people came by sea to Panuco, from Panuco 
they passed on by degrees and built Tula, from there they 
passed on and built Cholula; here these people remained 
and multiplied, and sent colonies to people Upper and Lower 



Native Races, 
Vol. Ill, p. 270. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 209. 



715 



Terrestrial 
Paradise, 
V. p. 191. 



Vol. 



Indian Mon- 
archy, Vol I, 
p. 254-6. 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV, pp. 416 
and 417. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 147. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

Mizteca and the Zapotican country, and these, it is said, 
raised the grand edifices whose remains are still to be seen 
at Mictlan (Mitla). 

"The Able Brasseur in one part of his writings ex- 
presses the opinion that Mitla was built by people from 
Cholula." "It will be apparent to the reader that the ruins 
at Mitla bear no resemblance whatever to other Oajacan 
monuments." 

The history of the Ancient Americans is not altogether 
traditional, but was handed down in their writings for over 
two thousand years. 



Campbell's 
New Revised 
Complete 
Guide to 
Mexico, p. 238. 
(1904.) 



715 



Native Races, 
Vol. Ill, p. 67. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 200. 



Native Races, 
Vol. 5, p. 483. 



Native Races, 
Vol V, pp. 9- 
11-27. 



QUINAMES, OR GIANTS. 

"The Pyramid of Cholula (Cho-Ioo-la) ." "The date of 
the building of the Pyramid of Cholula is unknown. Even 
before the Aztecs came to the plains of Cholula, the great 
pyramid was there in the midst, and the people told them 
the legend of it." "That it was built by a race of giants 
descended from two survivors of a great deluge." 

"The Mexicans round Cholula had a special legend con- 
necting the escape of a remnant from the great deluge, who 
were giants. One of the giants, Xelhua, surnamed the Ar- 
chitect, went to Cholula and began to build an artificial 
mountain, as a monument and a memorial." 

"The Pyramid of Cholula was erected under the direc- 
tion of a chief named Xelhua. The occasion of its being 
built seems to have been connected in some way with the 
flood." 

Quinames, or giants, were the original possessors of 
the country about Puebla and Cholula. 

Mr. Bancroft says : "The honor of peopling America 
has frequently been given to Noah and his immediate de- 
scendants." He thinks that Ham was the father of the 
American race (opinions held by Orrio and Torquemada). 
"Descendants of Noah who assisted at the Tower of Babel, 
after the confusion of tongues, dispersed, and a portion of 
them came to America." 



Historical 
Geography 
of the Bible, 
by Coleman, 
p. 51. 



THE BUILDERS OF THE TOWER OF BABEL WERE 

GIANTS. 

An ancient Chaldee work which Alexander (the Great) 
caused to be translated, which came from the royal library 
of Nineveh, which is as follows : "From the gods, who in- 
habited the earth in the first ages, there sprang a race of 
giants of immense size, and of the strongest bodily frame; 
full of insolent daring, they formed the ambitious design 
to build a lofty tower (Babel), but while they were em- 



Flavius 
Josephus, 
Book I, Chap. 
5, Ver. 1. 



759 99 

Native Races, 
Vol. I, p. 670. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V. p. 147. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 197.. 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

ployed in the erection, a dreadful tempest, raised by the 
gods, destroyed the huge edifice and scattered among them 
unknown words, whence arose discord and confusion." 

"The Sibylline Oracle contains a similar tradition of 
giants attempting to scale the heavens by building a tower." 

Flavius Josephus, Jewish historian, says: "The people 
who built Babel were dispersed abroad on account of their 
languages, and went out by Colonies everywhere, and there 
were some, also, who crossed the sea in ships." 

Mr. Bancroft says : "The Quinames, or giants, a.re men- 
tioned as the first inhabitants of Mexico" ; then follows cita- 
tions to many authorities. 

I call attention to the historical records handed down 
for centuries, inherited and translated by Ixtlilxochitl. 

"Our knowledge of Olmec history subsequent to their 
first, appearance is confined to a few events which occurred 
in Puebla. Here, chiefly on the Rio Atoyae near Puebla de 
los Angeles, and Cholula they found the Quinames, or 
giants. * * * These Quinames, as Ixtlilxochitl states, 
were survivors of the great destruction which closed the 
second age of the world." 

The discovery of the Quinames in the regions around 
Puebla and Cholula agrees with other traditions as to their 
location. 

"The Quinames, traditionally assigned as the first in- 
habitants of nearly every part of the country, have been the 
subject of much discussion among the Spanish writers." 

"Clavegero considers the existence of a race of giants 
doubtful, although admitting that there were doubtless in- 
dividuals of great size among them." Most other writers 
of this class accept more or less literally the tradition of 
the giants who were the first dwellers in the land, deeming 
the discovery of the bones of a large race of people, in va- 
rious localities, corroborative authority. 

CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE, BONES OF GIANTS. 

"Villa Senor y Sanchez, one of the early Spanish 
writers, names Tula as one of the many localities where 
giants* bones had been found." 

"Humboldt mentions some giants' bones that were 
found within the limits of the state of Michoacan." (The 
state west of Mexico.) 

"Ribas, in his standard and very rare work on 'The vo"Tv^p^lob 
Triumphs of the Faith,' says : "At San Agustin, between the • . • 

city of Durango and San Juan del Rio, Arlegui notes the 
existence of bones of giants." 



Native Races. 
Vol. V, p. 198. 



754 44 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV, p. 547. 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV. p. 571. 



10 

Native Races, 
Vol. I, p. 670. 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV, p. 695. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

"The Quinames, or giants, are mentioned as the first 
inhabitants of Mexico by nearly all the early writers," as 
Mr. Bancroft says. 

The finding of bones of large men in different parts of 
Mexico is certainly strong corroborative evidence that the 
traditions of giants, the first people who inhabited Mexico, 
are based upon facts, and that a large race of people did 
live in Mexico, at some time in the distant past. 



San Antonio 
(Texas) Ex- 
press of 
April 14, 1918. 



737 21 



Pre-Historic 
America, by 
Nadaillac, 
p. 15. 



Pre-Historic 
America, 
pp. 40-45. 



Native Races. 
Vol. IV, p. 695. 



RECENT DISCOVERIES IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO 

Now late and important evidences come from the val- 
ley of Mexico, in an article from Professor William Niven 
(a man of considerable fame), whose article was published 
in the San Antonio Express. 

"He tells of discoveries of world-wide interest, that 
promise to change history, and which startlingly corrob- 
orate legends supposed to be pure myths, that have come 
down to us from the dim, dim past." 

He has found evidences of three distinct civilizations 
that have inhabited the Valley of Mexico at different pe- 
riods, "classed by me," he says, "as Aztec, Pre-Aztec, and 
primitive." 

This extract from his article I call especial attention 
to: "Some of the bones show a race of people over the av- 
erage of the ordinary size." Here, then, is the latest evi- 
dence of a large race of people once living upon this conti- 
nent, called Quinames, or giants, in the traditions, and they 
were the primitive colony who landed at Panuco, built Tula, 
settled in the Valley of Mexico, and built Cholula and the 
great pyramid still to be seen there. 

THE CO-EXISTENCE OF MAN WITH THE MASTODON 

Proofs of the co-existence of man, with extinct animals, 
have multiplied until doubt is no longer reasonable. "One 
fact now is incontestably secured to science: The first 
Americans were a large and powerful race, and were con- 
temporary with gigantic animals. * * * They had to 
contend with the mastodon, the megatherium, the mylodon, 
the megalonyx, the elephant and a jaguar larger than that 
of the present day." 

Professor March said: "The evidence as it stands 
today, although not conclusive, seems to place the appear- 
ance of man in this country in the Pliocene age; and the 
best proof of this has been found on the Pacific Coast, where 
men lived among animals as little known as themselves." 

"In 1857 a fragment of a human skull was found, as- 
sociated with the bones of the mastodon, in the auriferous 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 
gravel of Table Mountain, California, at a depth of 180 
feet. Dr. C. F. Winslow sent this fragment to the Natural 
History Society of Boston." 

BONES OF MASTODONS FOUND IN MEXICO. 
"On the hacienda of Chapingo, about a league south of 
Tezcuco (m the Valley of Mexico), an ancient causeway 
rras found m excavating, at a depth of four feet below the 
surface; the cedar piles of which were in a good state of 
preservation. Under the causeway was the skeleton of a 
mastodon, and similar skeletons are said to have been found 
at other points in the Valley of Mexico." 

BONES OF MASTODONS FOUND IN GUATEMALA. 

"Bones of mastodons seen by John Lloyd Stephens near 
Gueguetenango, Guatemala." 

A NATION OF GIANTS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 

"Peruvian legends speak of a nation of giants who 
eame by sea, waged war with the natives, and erected splen- 
did edifices, the ruins of many of which still remain." 

"Garcelasso de la Vega gives this tradition as he him- 
self heard it in Peru." 

"They affirm, he says, in all Peru, that certain giants 
came by sea to the cape now called St. Helens, in large 
barks made of rushes. These giants were so enormously 
tall that ordinary men reached no higher than their knees. 
* * * Their bones may be seen at the present day. 
It is not known from what place they came, nor by what 
route they arrived." . ^ . , ^. 

STRONG CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE FOR THIS 
LEGEND. 

Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese, in the service of 
the King of Spain: "In September, 1519, Magellan, with 
five ships and about 300 men, started on what proved to- 
be one of the most romantic voyages in history. He was 
killed in the Philippine Islands in a fight with the natives 
there. One ship and eighteen of his crew reached Lisbon 
September 6, 1522." 

"Magellan discovered the strait that bears his name," 
(on the southern coast of South America). 

"An Italian named Antonio Pigafetta, who went with 
him, relates that the great navigator was obliged to winter 
m the Bay of San Juliano, where an Indian was brought to 
him who had been surprised by his sailors; this man, says 
our historian, was so tall that the tallest of us only came 



11 



Native Racea' 
Vol. rv, p. 627j 



Incidents of 
Travel in Cen- 
tral America, 
by Stephens 
and Cather- 
wood, p. 366. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 24. 



History of 
Patagronia. 



Pre-Historlc 
America, 

pp. a-10. 



Pre-Hlstorle 
America, p. 3. 
Enc. Brit., 
9th Edition, 
yol. XII. p. «6». 
Vol. I, p. 615. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 1»9. 



ZCatlre Races, 
Vol, y, p. 69. 



Pre-Hl3torl« 
America, pp. 
St87 and 400. 



Pre-HIstortc 
America, 
p. 890. 



Pre-Hl8t*rlo 
America. 
p. 406. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

to his waist. * * * He was a Tehuelche, to whom Ma- 
gellan gave the name of Patagon because of the size of his 
foot, which was aggravated by the shape of the shoe he 
wore." 

"The Patogonians of South America were remarkable 
for their lofty stature." 

"Patagonians are the tallest race on the globe." 

A knowledge of this large race in South America 
caused some writers to suppose that the primitive race of 
Mexico, called Quinames or giants, came from that country, 
as we see in the following. 

"Oviedo adopts the conclusions of Mendoza that the 
giants (of Mexico) probably came from the Strait of Ma- 
gellan (South America), the only place where such beings 
were known to exist. 

"Torquemada, followed by Veytia, identifies them with 
a similar race that were traditionally located at a very early 
time in Peru." 

I call attention to what I believe to be facts: The 
Olmecs and Xicalancas went down into South America 
and there found descendants of this race of people, called 
giants, and had trouble with them as stated in the tradi- 
tions from Peru by Garcelasso de La Vega. 

This would account for the location of the principal 
ruins in South America high in the mountains, at Cuzco and 
Lake Titicaca, a dreary and desolate country, so difficult of 
access, where no cereals can ripen ; they built there, whoever 
they were, for safety and protection. 

"A number of writers say the Quichuas may have come 
from the north probably several centuries after the Aymaras, 
and we must look for their ancestors among the prolific 
races of Central America." 

"It is probable, although we cannot prove it, that both 
(the Quichuas and the Aymaras of South America) sprang 
from Nahua races, and that they came from the north, even 
ft:om the prolific table-land of Anahuac." 



WHERE THE QUINAMES OR GIANTS CAME FROM. 

In summing up evidences drawn from history, tradi- 
tions and modern research concerning the primitive people 
of Mexico, called Quinames or giants, the following deduc- 
tions stand out strong and clear as facts. 

Tradition says, Nimrod and people who built the Tower 
of Babel were a race of large and powerful men. At the 
confusion of tongues, and consequent scattering of the popu- 
lation, seven- families speaking the same language kept to- 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

gether in their wanderings for many years ; and after cross- 
ing broad lands and seas reached Mexico. 

They crossed the sea from the east, coming in seven 
barks or ships, disembarked at Panuco, near Tampico. This 
colony traveled up the Panuco river and settled in the place 
now called Tula, just north of the Valley of Mexico. This 
in time became their first capital city; here the bones of 
giants were found. 

As the people increased in number they spread out 
southward through the Valley of Mexico, and built a city 
in the place now called Teotihuacan. At the death of their 
two leaders, who brought them across the sea, or later, this 
people built two pyramids as monuments and memorials to 
their greatness. They are still standing and called today 
"Pyramids of the Sun and Moon." 

Some of these people moved over the mountains east 
of the Valley of Mexico and settled on the beautiful plains 
of Huitzilapan, and built a city at the place now called 
Cholula, and this in time became a capital city. 

A king in this city named Xelhua built the great pyra- 
mid (still a wonder to the world) for a monument and a 
memorial (to God for bringing them across the sea in 
safety) . 

All this is told in the ancient records, inherited and 
translated by Ixtlilxochitl, grandson of the last King of 
Texcoco. 

The Olmecs discovered survivors of this race on the 
banks of the Hio Atoyac between Puebla and Cholula as 
Ixtlilxochitl (Ist-lil-zoch-itl) , the native historian, learns 
from ancient historical documents translated by him. 

A colony of this primitive people of Mexico, called 
Quinames or giants, left Cholula, went southward and built 
a great city by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, called Mictlan 
or Mitla. 

Mr. Bancroft says: "Charnay fancies that the palaces 
(at Mitla) were built by a people that afterwards migrated 
southward." 

This opinion I believe to be correct and this accounts 
for the traditions of the giants in Peru, from whom the 
Patagonians are descended. 

These ancient people were co-existent with extinct 
animals, the elephant and the mastodon, which were used 
by them, possibly, as beasts of burden, as evidences brought 
to light by modern research indicate. 

The walls of the palace at Chimu, Peru, are richly or- 
namented with stuccos in relief, fine arabesques, and (^reek 
frets, reminding us of those of Mitla. 

"Mexican history and biography, like those of other 



ir 



Native Races, 
Vol hi, p. 17a. 



759 
202 



99 
37 
39 



742 68 

Native Races, 
Vol. IV, p. 117. 



737 21 



Pro-Historic 
America, 
p. 897. 



14 



The Ancient 
Cities of the 
New World, by 
Desire Char- 
nay, p. 78. 



715 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

nations, are founded on tradition and historical documents ; 
and none are better authenticated or more trustworthy.'* 

"A history may be true and highly instructive, 
although it may contain seemingly absurd propositions; 
yet faithfully transmits the traditions, the belief, and the 
customs of the people." 

The primitive race in Mexico, known as Quinames or 
giants, were pyramid-builders and used a kind of mortar or 
cement of extraordinary hardness not known today. 



Historical 
Geography of 
the Bible, 
by Coleman, 
p. 52. 



Bureau of 
American 
Bthnology, 
Bulletin 28, 
p. 250: Article: 
••Description of 
Mitla Ruins," 
by Father 
Burgoa. 



CEMENT AT THE TOWER OF BABEL. 

"The Tower of Babel, Birs Nemroud, or the Tower of 
Nimrod, was visited by Sir Robert Ker Porter, who describes 
it as follows : "Looking at it from the west, the entire mass 
rises at once from the plain in one stupendous, though ir- 
regular, pyramidal hill. The tower-like looking ruin on the 
top is a solid mass, twenty-eight feet wide, of the most 
beautiful masonry." 

"The cement which connects the bricks is so hard that 
Ker Porter found it impossible to chip off the smallest 
piece." 

"In the construction of the walls (of the palace at 
Mitla), the greatest architects of the earth have been sur- 
passed. 

MORTAR OR CEMENT OF WONDERFUL HA^RDNESS. 

"The inner side of the walls consist of a mortar or 
stucco of such hardness that no one knows with what kind 
of liquid it could have been mixed." 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV, p. 543, 
foot-note. 



A VERY FINE MORTAR AS HARD AS A ROCK AT 
TEOTIHUACAN. 

"Respecting miscellaneous remains at Teotihuacan, 
* * * foundations of buildings and horizontal layers of 
a very fine mortar as hard as a rock." 







49 


18 






52 


55 






53 


64 
70 


Native 


Races. 


Vol. 


V, 


p. 


183. 


Native 


Races. 


Vol. 


V, 


p. 


21. 



THE COLONY FROM THE WEST. 
(From the Popol Vuh.) 

One of the accounts of the colony that crossed the sea 
(Pacific) from the west is given in the Popol Vuh, the 
national book or history of the Quiche Indians of Guate^ 
mala. I quote from this record as follows : "It is from where 
the sun sets that we came to Tulan, from the other side of 
the sea." 

It was the opinion b'f^tiaMKingsborough',Brasseur de 
Bourbourg and others that, "The Quiche wanderers came 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

from the other side of the sea to the northwest coast of 
America," basing their theory, no doubt, of a northwest 
landing upon their supposition that the Quiches descended 
from the Toltees, who they said came from the northwest, 
1. e. "Cahfomia." 

,Mr. Bancroft, Nadaillac, and others, beheved the Na- 
huas and Mayas, from whom the Quiches descended, crossed 
the Pacific and landed upon the west coast of Central 
America. I quote Mr. Bancroft: "I have already made 
known my skepticism respecting national American mi- 
grations in general, and the Toltec migration southward 
in particular, and there is nothing in the annals of Guate- 
mala to modify the views previously expressed." * * * 
"It is safer to suppose that the mass of the Quiches and 
other nations of Guatemala, Chiapas, and Honduras were 
descended directly from the Mayas." 

"As I have said before, the phenomena of civilizaztion 
in North America may be accounted for with tolerable con- 
sistency by the friction and mixture of this Maya culture, 
and people, with the Nahua element of the north; while 
that either, by migrations northward or southward, can 
have been the parent of the other within the traditionally 
historic past, I regard as extremely improbable." 

"That the two elements (Nahua and Maya) were iden- 
tical in their origin and early development is by no means 
impossible; all that we can safely presume is that within 
historic times they have been practically distinct in their 
workings. "There are traditions of the first appearance 
of the Nahua civilization in the regions of Tabasco and 
Chiapas, of its growth, and the gradual establishment of a 
power rivaling that of the people I call Mayas, and of a 
struggle by which the Nahuas were scattered in different 
directions, chiefly northward, to reappear in history cen- 
turies later as the Toltees of *Anahuac' (The Valley of 
Mexico)." 

"While the positive evidence in favor of this migra- 
tion from the South (Guatemala to Mexico) is very meagre, 
it must be admitted that a southern origin of the Nahua 
culture is far more consistent with facts and traditions than 
was the northwestern origin so long implicitly accepted. 
There is no data by which to fix the period of the original 
Maya empire, or its downfall or breaking up into rival fac- 
tions by civil and foreign wars, * * * and I should fix 
the epoch of its highest power at a date preceding rather 
than following the Christian era." 

"That the Nahua power in primitive times extended 
over Guatemalan localities as did the Maya power, and the 



15 

Native Races. 
Vol V, p. 21. 



Native Races. 
Vol. II, 
pp. 121-2. 



Native Races, 
Vol. II, 
pp. 117-8. 



16 



682 
683 



9 
19 



Native Races, 

Vol. V, 

pp. 544 & 567-8 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

long struggle between the two powers was no local contest^ 
but was felt in a greater or less degree throughout the whole 
country, from Anahuac to Guatemala, and perhaps still 
father south." 

"I have in a preceding chapter," says Mr. Bancroft, 
"presented the evidence of the existence during a few cen- 
turies before and after the beginning of the Christian era of 
a great aboriginal empire in Central America, narrating all 
that may be known of its decline and fall resulting from 
the contentions of the great Maya and Nahua powers." 

With the knowlege of the Quiches and their ancestors 
the Mayas and Nahuas, one can better understand the facts 
that are revealed in the Popol Vuh. 



Popol Vuh. 
Native History 
of Ancient 
Americans. 
Old book. 
Native Races, 
Bancroft. Vol. 
Ill, p. 42-43, 
and Vol. V, p. 
148. 



Translations of 
Popol Vuh. 
LegeTids of 
origin of 
American 
Indians. 



THE POPOL VUH. 

The richest legacies of traditional history, handed down 
through many centuries by ancient Americans, are the Popol 
Vuh, the national book of the Quiches of Guatemala, and the 
ancient records from the royal archives inherited and trans- 
lated by Ixtlilxochitl, grandson of the last king of Tezcuco, 
an ancient city that once stood on the opposite side of the 
lake, east, from the city of Mexico. 

There were, no doubt, unreasonable distortions and 
additions made in their historical records, and the trans- 
lations of them, as they come to us, are vague and incorrect ; 
yet, without question, there is rare historical data revealed 
in them. 

THE POPOL VUH. 

The Popol Vuh, the Quiche history, was first discovered 
in the last of the seventeenth century, by a Dominican, 
Father Francisco Ximenez, who copied it and also trans- 
lated it into Spanish. His manuscript containing the Quiche 
text and his translation of it were hid for a long time in 
the convent of the Dominicans in Guatemala, and were 
later turned over to the library of the University of San 
Carlos of Guatemala. Here Doctor Scherzer discovered 
them in June, 1854. He carefully copied them and after- 
wards published them. 



Popol Vuh, 
Native Races, 
Vol. V, pp. 170- 
171. 



SPANISH AND FRENCH TRANSLATIONS 
OF THE POPOL VUH. 

Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg first saw this manuscript 
in 1855, in Guatemala. He copied both the Quiche text and 
the Spanish translation made by Ximenez, but was dissatis- 
fied with the translation made by Ximenez, believing it to 
be full of faults, disfigured by abridgements and omissions. 
So in 1860 he settled among the Quiches and by the help of 



16 



Mat' 
Vol 
pp. 



Po 
Ns 
of 
Ai 
Ol 
N; 
B 

i: 

a 
1 



ibia.. Vol V, 

]». 18». 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

natives and with his own practical knowledge of their 
language he made a new translation in French. 

Where the ancient American people came from, and 
how they reached the continent, are questions which have 
puzzled all students of American traditions. The different 
records of the different tribes of Indians in Mexico and 
Central America disagree as to the coming of their ances- 
tors. 

Writers have failed to see that there were different 
colonies that came at different times, landing in different 
places in America. 

THE POPOL VUH. 
In the indroduction we read : 

"This is the origin of the ancient history of Quiche. 
Here we write the annals of the past. We shall bring it 
to light because the Popol Vuh, the national book, is no 
longer visible, in which it Was clearly seen that we came 
from beyond the sea." 

"It is from where the sun sets we came, from the othe» 
side of the sea." 

LANDING-PLACE OF THE COLONY THAT 
CAME FROM THE WEST. 

The Quiche traditional history begins with a colony 
that came across the sea from where the sun sets (west), 
and the first location after their arrival in America, accord- 
ing to the Popol Vuh, was called Xibalba, pronounced 
Zabalba. It was from Xibalba that the first migration of 
the Quiche ancestors took place "after they had rendered 
fitting funeral honors to their father, who had perished 
there." 

"The place where the brothers started to contend." 

This quarrel between brothers in their first settle- 
ment after the death and burial of their father is import- 
ant history, showing the origin of the Nahuas and Mayas 
to be from one family, and this quarrel that commenced at 
the death of their father, between brothers, was continued 
by their posterity after they became great Nations: The 
Nahua and Maya Nations. 

BLACK MEN AND WHITE TOGETHER. 

I find a remarkable statement coming from the Popol 
Vuh, recorded in "Native Races," as follows; 

"All seem to have spoken one language and to have >^at*v« HaoeoL 
lived in great peace, black men and white together." ^*'** ^" ** "'' 

THE CHARACTER OF THE XIBALBANS. 
The character of the Xibalbans is here described : 



17 



First landtnjr- 
place. 

Qulehe legend. 
Ibid.. Vol. V, 
p. 180. See 
foot-note alvo. 



91 22 



Foot-notie 



18 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 








"M^ ''^fe/ 










■:■ »B- •.«<.-:5A^ 






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63 212 
213 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 19 

"They were fond of war, of frightful aspect, ugly as Native Races, 

owls, inspiring evil and discord ; faithless, hypocritical, and Mayal' /ni't: 

tyrants, they wqre both black and white, painting their ^"^• 
faces, moreover, with divers colors." 307 102 

This description of the Xibalbans by the Quiche his- 
torians, show the Quiches, while they may have been Maya 
descent, were strong friends of the Nahuas back as far as 
their history goes. The Xibalbans were Mayas we know. 

LOCATION OF XIBALBA. 

The Popol Vuh indicates the first settlement of the menf. ^'"'^" 
colony that crossed the Pacific was called Xibalba; and voi'^'v ?^sfl' 
from evidence deduced from traditional history, ruins, and " ' 

other sources, I am convinced the ruins of Zacualpa in 
balyador, Central America, are the ruins of Xibalba; and 
that the boundary lines of Salvador, as it is today, were 
gie work of the colony ; landing in La Union Bay, Gulf of 
Fonseca, this causing the eastern boundary line to be made 
there they then traveled west across the Lempa river and 
settled m the central province of San Vicente; later spread- 
ing out towards the west, to the present boundary line of 
Guatemala, and this was called "the land where our fathers 
came from" in their history. 

ANCIENT RUINS OF SALVADOR. Native Races. 

"The state of Salvador, on the Pacific side, stretched S'" '''• ^^- ''- 
some one hundred and eighty miles, from the Gulf of Fon- 
seca to the Rio Paza, the Guatemalan boundary, and ex- 
tending inland about eighty miles. Here, in the central prov- 
ince of San Vicente, a few miles southward from the capi- 
tal city of the same name, ruins are found. But of these 
rums we only know that they are the most imposing monu- 
ments in the State, covering nearly two square miles at the 
toot of the volcano of Opico, and they consist of vast ter- 
races, rums of edifices and circular and square towers, and 
subterranean galleries, all built of stone. 

"Hassel says they are the remains of the old Indian Native Races, 
town of Zacualpa [Xibalba]. Several mounds, considerable TootSt?' ''' 
m size and regular in outline, were noted on the plains of 
of Jiboa west of San Vicente, also similar ones near Sonso- 
nate m the southwestern portion of the state." 

THE VALLEY OF THE RIO LEMPA. San|L?£; 

'The topographical features of Salvador are remark- 5"" 2f e.^' ^''"'^'■' 

able; there is a broad valley running through the country 63 212 

varying m width from twenty to thirty miles, and having 213 

a length of upward of one hundred miles. This mao-nifi- 214 

cent valley, which is drained by the river Lempa, is unsur- ^^ 



20 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 




















^^' 












■^^^a**,-' 



■T ^,::^S#i:.■^• 



O 



a 
o 

Q 

> 



O 

w 

> 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

passed for beauty and fertility by any equal extent of 
country under the tropics." 



21 



LOCATION OF IZMACHI. 

Three princes determined to go as their father had 
ordered to the east on the sea shore whence their fathers had 
come— they had established themselves in the great City 
of Izmachi. 

NAHUA, OR NIMA. 

"In its primitive sense the name Nahua meant secret, 
occult, mysterious. It designated a man versed in judicial 
wisdom, astrology, and the arts, a sorcerer or magician. 
The name of Nahua signified an expert man, who spoke well 
his own language." 

XT u^^' ^^"^^^ h^s certainly given us light on the name 
Nahua. This he learned from the natives in the south- 
eastern part of Guatemala. 

NIMA-QUICHE AND THREE BROTHERS. 
This man is referred to as follows : 

"Nima-Quiche, * * * more beloved than any of 
his predecessors, was directed by an oracle to leave. * =^ 
Nima-Quiche was accompanied by his three brothers." 

The four brothers were called Balam-Quitze, B^lam- 
Agab,^Mahucutah, and Iqi-Balam. The name Balam must 
have been an appellation used by the ancient Quiches to 
signify some office held, and the way it was used mio-ht 
indicate a difference in rank : If before the name, High 
Priest, possibly ; and if after the name, a lesser office The 
name Balam as found in the Bible was the name of a man 
who had the gift of prophecy. 

4-u "i^* *^^ advice of Balam-Quitze and his companions, 
they departed m search of gods to worship (or a place to 
worship God), and came to Tulan Zuiva, the Seven Caves 
where gods were given them— Tohil, Avilix, Hacavitz, and 

^i^^f?'^- ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ of Tamub and Ilocab, 
anc'. the three tribes, or families, kept together, for their ffod 
was the same." 

This traditional history in the Popol Vuh, no doubt 
represents the four brothers and people looking for a place 
where they could settle and make their home, and could 
worship God unmolested, also telling of their calling to 
high and holy office, as priests of God to minister in the 
law of Moses. 

Mr. Bancroft says: 

u- "Tjie account of the dawn and its attendant ceremonies 
which follow m the Popol Vuh would seem, in connection 



Native' Races. 
Vol. V. 
pp. 55S-3. 



290 
364 



1 
29 



Notes on Cen- 
tral America, 
Squier, p. 342. 
Nahua-Niina. 



53 70 



167 10 



307 



104 

Races, 



Native 
Vol. V, 
pp. 565-6. 
Travels In Cen- 
tral America, 
p. 326. 

Names of four 
brothers. 



Num. 31:8. 
Smith's Bible 
Dictionary. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V. p. 547. 



95 



Look for a 
home of peace. 



Native' Races. 
Vol. V, p. 549. 



22 

97 42 

Establishment 
of government. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

with the preceding quotations, to refer vaguely to the elec- 
tion of rulers, the establishment of a temporal and spirit- 
ual government, the birth of Quiche institutions." 



Native Races, 
Vol. Ill, p. 49. 

Seven Caves. 



96 22 

210 28 

30 

Native Races, 
Vol. V. p. 554. 
Led by four 
chiefs. 

Ibid., Vol. V, 
pp. 95, 564-565. 
Travels in Cen- 
tral A.merlca, 
Stephens, 
p. 326. 



North Ameri- 
cans of Anti- 
Quity. 
Short, pp. 
214-215. 
Four brothers. 



TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL GOVERNMENT 
OF QUICHES ESTABLISHED, 

"So the four men and their people set out for Tulan 
Zuiva, otherwise called the Seven Caves, and there they 
received gods. Balam-Quitze received the god Tohil, Balam- 
Agab received the god Avilix, and Mahucutah received the 
god Hacavitz; all very powerful gods, but Tohil seems to 
have been the chief, and in a general way god of the whole 
Quiche nation." 

"All this time they were directed by their trinity, act- 
ing through their four chief sacrificers, or High Priests, 
Balam-Quitze, Balam-Agab, Mahucutah, and Iqi-Balam, the 
same who led them in their migration from the region of 
Xibalba." These four brothers Were Israelites, as it says 
in "Native Races" and "Travels in Central America" ; these 
men were priests of God, and were offering sacrifices and 
burnt offerings according to the law of Moses. This is the 
reason they were called "the four sacrificers." 

"The account which the Popol Vuh furnishes of the 
migrations of the ancient Quiches is somewhat confused. 
In their original home their worship was purely spiritual; 
whatever there might have been, these four men forsook 
their abode and journeyed to Tulan Zuiva, or place of Seven 
Caves." 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV, pp. 
82-83. 



Mineral 

resources 

land. 


of 


95 


19 


198 


19 



SEVEN CAVES, OR TULAN ZUIVA. 

"One cave found near the ruins of Copan is the cave of 
Tibulca. This appears like a temple of great size, hollowed 
out of the base of a hill, and adorned with columns having 
bases, pedestals, capitals and crowns, all accurately ad- 
justed according to architectural principles; at the sides are 
numerous windows faced with stone exquisitely wrought. 
All these circumstances lead to a belief that there must have 
been some intercourse between the inhabitants of the Old 
and the New World at a very remote period." 

I have no doubt there are six other caves in or near the 
ruins of Copan hidden by the forest, yet to be brought to 
light. 

MINERAL RESOURCES OF HONDURAS 
AND SALVADOR. 

"In respect to mineral resources, Honduras ranks first 
among all the States of Central America, Gold, silver, 
platina, copper, copper-pitch ore, black copper and iron are 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

found. The rich gold mine at San Andres is only a few- 
miles from the ruins of Copan. Fine opals are found in 
Honduras also. Iron ore is common in Honduras and is 
highly magnetic and so nearly pure that it is forged with- 
out smelting. It occurs in vast and exhaustless beds, and 
might be produced in any desirable quantity." 

"Nine leagues from Santa Anna in Salvador are some 
rich mines of iron ore, which produce a purer and more 
malleable metal than any imported from Europe. The ore 
is found near the surface, and very abundant. Some of 
this iron, sent to England a few years ago for the purpose 
of examination, proved to be a very valuable variety for 
conversion into fine steel, approaching in this respect very 
nearly to the celebrated 'Wootz' of India." 

There were minerals, then, in abundance, in Salvador 
and Honduras, for this colony, and the fine work in stone 
still to be seen in the ruins of Copan, indicate the use of 
metal tools, very likely iron ; but in their migrations north- 
ward where they were located for centuries, in places where 
iron could not be obtained, they lost a knowledge of it. 



23 

Notes on Cen- 
tral America, 
pp. 160-171. 



Ibid., p. 308. 



63 
95 



217 
19 



LOCATION OF THE CITY OF TULAN ZUIVA. 

The ruins at Copan, Honduras, are at the foot of the 
mountains separating Guatemala from Honduras. Ban- 
croft, in giving the boundary of Honduras, gives the names 
of the mountain chains which form the boundary line be- 
tween Honduras and Guatemala, and, describing the an- 
tiquities in Honduras, says : 

"Copan, the most wonderful of all, and one of the most 
famous of American ruins. The location is in a most fertile 
region, near the Guatemalan boundary, on the eastern bank 
of the Rio Copan." 



Prehistoric 
America, Na- 
daillac, p. 328. 



403 
476 



14 
111 
113 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV., pp. 
69-77. 



THE RUINS OF A GJIEAT STONE CITY AT COPAN. 

The ruins at Copan, Honduras, Central America, are 
the remains of a hitherto unknown people, but, as works of 
art, proving that a people once occupied Central America, 
who were not savages, but skilled in the arts of civilization. 
Many have sought in vain to penetrate the mystery, who 
the people were who built and inhabited this great stone 
city. Mr. John Lloyd Stephens said it was situated in one 
of the most fertile valleys in Central America, at the foot 
of the mountain range that separates Guatemala from Hon- 
duras, on the left bank of the Copan river, as you ascend 
the stream. The wonderful ruins of Copan, like a wrecked 
bark in the midst of the ocean, with name effaced, and none 
to tell from whence she came, nor the cause of her destruc- 
tion ; yet in the Popol Vuh record is the light that will dis- 



Ruins at 
Copan, the city 
of Tulan Zuiva. 
t)y Aztecs; 
Aztlan, 
Tulan Zulva 
and Tulan 
by Quiches. 



24 



96 22 

Travels in Cen- 
tral America, 
Stephens, pp. 
80-87. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

solve the darkness of what has seemed an impenetrable 
mystery, for surely the ruins at Copan are the ruins of the 
city of Tulan, answering indeed wonderfully to location and 
description of that city as described in the traditions as 
Aztlan, or Tulan — Tulan Zuiva. 

Mr. Stephens wrote in his "Travels in Central America, 
page 80: 

"No plans or drawings have ever been published, nor 
anything that can give an idea of the valley of romance and 
wonder, where, as has been remarked, the genii who at- 
tended 6n King Solomon seem to have been the artist." 

The ruins extend along the river more than two miles, 
and in the rear is an unexplored forest in which there may 
be extensive ruins. 



Ancient 
America, by 
J. D. Baldwin, 
p. 218. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V. p. 221. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 306. 

95 15 

16 

95 7 8 

Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 325. 



AZTLAN THE PRIMITIVE HOME OF THE AZTECS. 

"A well-authenticated tradition of the Aztecs, repre- 
sented in their picture writing of the place of their origin, 
is designated by the sign of water, a pyramidal temple with 
grades, and near these a palm tree." 

The wonderful pyamidal temple, with grades, standing 
on the Copan river, in a land where the palm trees grow, 
all fit with the ruins at Copan. It was the city of Aztlan. 

Thus we see the picture writings of the Aztecs of 
Mexico favor the idea that the first home and point of 
departure in their migrations was in the south; this is in 
agreement with all the earlier traditions that the primitive 
Nahua power was in the south (Honduras and Guatemala) . 

"Aztlan is described as a land too fair and bounteous 
to be left willingly in the mere hope of finding a better. The 
native tradition relates, they received that which their 
chiefs took to be a message from the gods (their God), 
directing the people to seek a new home." 

"The Aztecs continued the profession of boatmen, 
which they had practiced on a river at Aztlan. This 
presents strong analogies to that of Tulan Zuiva, and it is 
not impossible that the events related are identical. The 
earlier portions of this tradition referring vaguely back to 
the primitive epochs of Nahua history." 

John Lloyd Stephens, in his work, "Travels in Central 
America," p. 80 to 87, gives a fine description of the temple 
still standing at Copan, Honduras, C. A. 



TEMPLE IN THE CITY OF AZTLAN. 
A TEMPLE RESEMBLING KING SOLOMON'S TEMPLE 

AT COPAN. 

The principal part of the ruins on the bank of the river 



AND RUINS OP MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

is that of a temple. The front or river wall extends in a 
right line north and south 624 feet, and is from 60 to 90 feet 
high. It is made of cut stone, from three to six feet in 
length, and a foot and a half in breadth. The whole line 
of survey is 2,866 feet, which is gigantic and extraordinary 
for a ruined structure of the aborigines. 

Mr. Stephens says: 

"By cutting down trees, we discovered the entrance to 
be on the north side by a passage thirty feet wide, and about 
three hundred feet long. On the right is a high range of 
steps to the terrace of the river wall. At the foot of this 
are six circular stones from eighteen inches to three feet in 
diameter — perhaps once the pedestals of columns or monu- 
ments now fallen and buried. At the end of the passage is 
the area, or courtyard, one hundred and forty feet long, and 
ninety broad, with steps on all sides. This was probably 
the Most Holy Place in the Temple. Beyond doubt it had 
been the theatre of great events, and imposing religious 
ceremonies. There were no idols, nor were there any ves- 
tiges of them, but on the left, two-thirds the way up the 
steps to the Holy Place, was a gigantic stone head, the por- 
trait of some king, chieftain, or sage. In the middle of the 
temple area, elevated above a flight of steps, was an altar, 
the place of sacrifice. This altar was a solid block of stone 
six feet square and four feet high, resting on four globular 
stones, one under each corner." 

THE ALTAR, IN SHAPE AND SIZE, LIKE THE ALTAR 
OF BURNT OFFERINGS. 

This temple, in the ruins of Copan, is indeed like the 
temple of Solomon which was built on Mount Moriah, "upon 
the top of the mountain," with the Holy Place and the Most 
Holy Place and the altar of burnt offerings 5 cubits (71/^ 
feet) square and 41/2 feet high, just a trifle larger than the 
square stone altar in the temple of Copan. 

TRADITIONAL HISTORY OF PORTRAITS IN STONE. 

"Another wonder, the three tribal gods, Tohil, Avilix, 
and Hacavitz [or Balam-Quitze, Balam-Agab, and Mahu- 
cutah], were turned into stone." 

This could only mean their portraits were cut in stone, 
as John T. Short says in "The North Americans of An- 
tiquity." 

STONE PORTRAITS AT COPAN. 

John Lloyd Stephens says they found in the ruins at 
Copan, beautifully sculptured in stone, portraits of kings, 
chieftains, or sages ; one near the Holy Place in the temple 
six feet high. 



25 



96 



22 
25 



Stephens' 

Travels. 

pp. 80 and 87. 



A temple. 



Portrait of 

Dalam- 

Quitze. 



II. Chron. 3:1-3. 
Ezek. 43:12. 
Ex. 38:1. 
Ex. 40:29. 

210 28 

30 

169 2 



Native jc^,- 
Vol. Ill, pp. »., 
52. 



Portraits of 
three lead«Tr->r 
North Ana«ir- 
icans of 
Antiquity, 
p. 216. 



Travels in u-w.^. - 
tral America, 
pp. 83 and 87, 
Stone portratfa, 



26 

Death of Nima- 
Quitze and his 
three brothers. 

Native Races, 
Vol. Ill, pp. 
53-54. 

167 9 
10 
11 

North Amer- 
icans of 
Antiquity, 
p. 217. 

168 12 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, pp. 
565-566. 



Ibid., Vol. V, 
p. 180, also 
foot-note. 



Centuries for 
language to 
change. 
Native Races, 
Vol. V. p. 181. 

277 49 



95 
98 



19 
51 



Priests. 
Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 554. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

DEATH OF THE ANCESTORS OF THE RACE. 

"Now it came to pass that the time of the death of 
Balam-Quitze, Balam-Agab, Mahucutah, and Iqi-Balam 
drew near. They were forewarned that their death and 
their end were at hand." 

"At last, at the noonday of their national glory, it came 
to pass that the ancestors of their race, Balam-Quitze, 
Balam-Agab, Mahucutah, and Iqi-Balam, died ; the men who 
came from across the sea died." 

This is an abridgment, no doubt, by the Quiche his- 
torian, referring to the death of all four of the brothers, 
at the death of the one great leader, Balam-Quiche, and 
may represent a long period of time. We also read that 
Nima-Quiche (or the great Quiche) was the father of the 
Quiches; the same is said of Balam-Quitze, thus showing 
them to be one and the same person. 

"The narrative of the struggle with Xibalba (located 
in Salvador, Central America) was introduced at the begin- 
ning of the Quiche migrations, when the four brothers de- 
parted from Xibalba and went to Tulan Zuiva." 

"The four men with their families, and all who would 
go with them, migrated to Tulan Zuiva, or Seven Caves. 
Here their language was changed, and they became a sep- 
arate nation." 

This must represent centuries, for their language to 
change and the few families to become a nation. 

"The point most dwelt upon during their stay in Tulan 
was trouble with Xibalba, which circumstance may indicate 
that Tulan was in the Xibalban region." 

"The Quiches lived long in their new home, before they 
left their city for Guatemala. All this time they were di- 
rected by their trinity — Tohil, Avilix, and Hacavitz, acting 
through their chief sacrificers, or High Priests, Balam- 
Quitze, Balam-Agab, Mahucutah, and Iqi-Balam, the same 
who had led them in their migration from the region of 
Xibalba." "Of course many generations of priests bearing 
these names, or these TITLES, must have succeeded each 
other in the direction of Quiche affairs during this period." 



North Amer- 
icans of 
Antiquity, 
p. 215. 



DEPARTURE FROM TULAN. 

Whether they determined to abandon Tulan, or were 
driven from it, the record does not say. 

"At last Tulan, the mysterious land of Seven Caves, 
was forsaken, and the people began a migration attended 
with indescribable hardships and famine itself. Their way 



26 




Death of 
Quitze a 
three br 




Native ] 
Vol. Ill, 
53-54. 




If 




North A 
leans of 
Antiquit; 
p. 217. 




16£ 




Native 1 
Vol. V, ] 
565-566. 




Ibid.. Vo 
p. 180, al 
foot-not( 




Centuriei 
languagt 
change. 
Native 1 
Vol. V. I 


. 


zn 




9E 




9S 




Priests. 
Native B 
Vol. V, I 


_ 




I 


North A 
leans ol 
Antiquit 
p. 216. 





AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

led through dense forest, and over big mountains, and along 
the sea on a rough and pebbly shore." 

Mr. John L. Stephens says: 

"According to Fuentes, the chronicler of the kingdom 
of Guatemala, the kings of the Quiches and Kachiquels 
were descended from the Toltecan Indians (or Indians from 
Tulan land), who, when they came into the country (Gua- 
temala), they found it already inhabited by a people of a 
different nation." 



27 



Travels in Cen- 
tral America, 
p. 326. 

201 24 

Nahuas dicov- 
ered the 
Olmecs and 
Xicalancas. 



LANDING-PLACES OF THE OLMECS AND XICALAN- 
CAS, THE THIRD COLONY OF ANCIENT 
TRADITIONS. 

"The Olmecs and Xicalancas (Ze-cal-an-cas) , who were 
sometime represented as two nations, and sometimes as a 
division of the same nation, and regarded by all authorities 
as Nahuas." * * * "Southern Vera Cruz and Tabasco 
were the regions traditionally settled by them." * * * 
"They are regarded as the first of the Nahua nations in 
this region and are first noticed by tradition on the south- 
easten coast, whither they had come in ships from the east." 
"Ixtlilxochitl tells us they occupied the land in the third 
age of the world, landing on the east coast as far as the 
land of Papuha (muddy water) or in the regions about the 
Laguna de Terminos. * * * Their national names are 
derived from that of their first rulers, Olmecatl and Xica- 
lancatl" (meaning descendants of Olmec and Xicalanca). 

"Two ancient cities called Xicalanco are reported on 
the gulf coast ; one of them, whose ruins are still said to be 
visible, was just below Vera Cruz, the other on the point, 
which still bears the name of Xicalanco, at the entrance to 
the Laguna de Terminos, and the whole region, between the 
two Xicalancos and for seventy-five miles inland, was called 
Anahuac Xicalanco." 

THREE DIFFERENT PA^RTS OF THE COUNTRY 
CALLED ANAHUAC. 

There were three places called Anahuac by the Ancient 
Americans. (Meaning, "Maritime people, or having com- 
merce by sea.") 

"The Oajacan coast region, if we may credit the result 
of researches by the Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg, was some- 
times known as Anahuac Ayotlan, and the opposite coast of 
Tabasco was called Anahuac Xicalanco." "Centrally located 
on the table-land in Mexico, and surrounded by a wall of lofty 
volcanic cliffs and peaks, is the most famous of all the val- 
ley plateaux, something more than one hundred and sixty 



Vol. V, pp. 
195-6. 



387 74 



Native Races, 
Vol. II, p. 129. 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV. p. 287. 



540 
549 



6 
10 



Native Races, 
Vol. II, pp. 87- 
88 and 111. 
Bureau of 
American 
Ethnology. 
Bulletin 28, 
p. 258. 



28 HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

548 4 miles in circuit. The Valley of Mexico, "Anahuac, that is 
to say, Country by the waters," taking its name from the 
lakes that formerly occupied one-tenth of its area. "Ana- 
huac," with an elevation of 7,500 feet, may be taken as a 
representative of the tierra fria. It has a mean tempera- 
ture of 62 degrees, a climate much like that of Europe, 
although dryer; wheat, barley and all the European cereals 
and fruits flourish side by side with plantations of maize 
in this valley." 



Native Races, 
Vol. II, pp. 379- 
398. 



279 
280 



78 
90 



Native Races, 
Vol. II, p. 129. 

Native Races, 
Vol. V, pp. 195 
and 196. 



PRIMITIVE SHIPPING. 

"From the earliest times the two southern Anahuacs, 
of Ayotlan and Xicalanco, corresponding to what are now 
the southern coast of Oajaca and the tierra caliente of Ta- 
basco and southern Vera Cruz, were inhabited by commer- 
cial peoples. The Xicalancas engaged to some extent in a 
maritime coasting trade, mostly confined, however, as it 
would appear, to the coast of their own territories and those 
immediately adjacent." 

There are strong reasons to believe that the people 
known as Olmecs and Xicalancas were one and the same 
nation, and that they were known first as Olmecs, taking 
the name of their leader, or ruler, Olmec, at the time of 
their landing; "Olmecatl meaning, descendants of or people 
of Olmec." Ixtlilxochitl, in referring to these people subse- 
quent to their first appearance, called them Olmecs; cent- 
uries later, when they merged with the Nahuas from the 
south, they were called Xicalancas. Their language was 
not the same as the Nahua, but they were known as a 
Nahua nation, and united with them in their wars with the 
Mayas. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 197. 



202 



37 
39 



Native Races, 
Vol. V. p. 196. 



OLMECS. 

According to Ixtlilxochitl, in the first mention of this 
nation in the Nahua history, these people were called 
Olmecs, and upon their arrival in the country they discov- 
ered the last of the Quinames or giants, as follows : "Our 
knowledge of Olmec history subsequent to their first ap- 
pearance is confined to a few events which occurred in 
Puebla. Here on the Rio Atoyac near Puebla de los Angeles 
and Cholula they found the Quinames or giants. * * * 
These Quinames, as Ixtlilxochitl states, were survivors of 
the great destruction which closed the second age of the 
world." 

The two points of land on the gulf coast having the 
same name, Xicalanco, no doubt indicated two landing-places, 
the first on the point below Vera Cruz, and their discovery 
of the Quinames in that country may have been the reason 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 



20 



NAHUA BOATS. 




Tahucups, boats 8 feet wide and 60 feet long, from Tabasco, dug from 
a single log, capable of carrying sixty persons, used extensively in the Gulf 
of Mexico in ancient times. ("Native Races," Vol. II., pp. 379, 398, 739; 
"The Ancient Cities of the New World," p. 263.) 



30 



Travels in Cen- 
tral America. 
Stephens and 
Catherwood, p. 
326. 



206 
202 



24 
34 



475 101 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 544. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

for their departure, and their next landing was in Tabasco 
on the point at Laguna de Terminos. These two places in 
later centuries became their principal seaports, and the 
boundary points of the country called Anahuac Xicalanco." 

NAHUAS, OLMECS AND XICALANCAS UNITE. 

"QUICHE HISTORY— According to Fuentes, the 
chronicler of the Kingdom of Guatemala, the Kings of 
Quiche and Kachiquel were descended j^rom the Toltecan 
Indians (or from the Indians from Tulan Zuiva) , who, when 
they came into this country (Guatemala), found it already 
inhabited by people of different nations." 

There can be no doubt that the Popol Vuh gives the 
primitive history of the Nahuas and Mayas, from whom the 
Quiches were descended; Xibalba was their first city and 
location after crossing the Pacific. There was a large 
family of brothers, who quarreled, and four brothers left 
Xibalba and settled at Tulan Zuiva, also called Aztlan, now 
known as the ruins at Copan, Honduras ; here they lived for 
several centuries, until they had changed their language 
and became a nation. About 200 B. C. these people, the 
Nahuas, were driven or for some reason forced to leave 
Tulan Zuiva, called sometimes "Tula or Tulan," and by the 
Aztecs, "Aztlan." They migrated to the northern parts of 
Guatemala, where they discovered the Olmecs, then called 
Xicalancas, who united with them, and were known as 
Nahua nations after that. 

After the Nahuas departed from Tulan Zuiva, the 
Mayas moved in, took possession of the city, and made it 
their chief city ; the king moving from Xibalba, Salvador, to 
Tulan Zuiva in Honduras (Copan) , and may have given the 
city a different name in their language. 

In time the Mayas went over into Guatemala to war 
with the Nahuas, and their warfare continued for centuries. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, pp. 
210-211. 



689 24 



THE OLMECS AND XICALANCAS KNOWN AS 
NAHUA NATIONS. 

The Nahuas, strengthened by the Olmecs and Xicalan- 
cas, were able to withstand the armies of the Mayas who 
came against them from time to time, and they built great 
cities along the Rio Usumacinta and the Rio de la Pasion, 
from British Honduras to Tabasco, where they continued 
to live until 338 A. D. 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV, pp. 
130-131-132. 

485 3 

4 



ANCIENT FORTIFICATIONS n»T GUATEMALA. 

"Extending eastward from the region of Huehuete- 
nango to that of Salama in the province of Vera Paz a dis- 



486 11 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

tance of nearly one hundred miles, there seems to be a line 
of rums, occurring- at frequent intervals particularly in the 
Valley of the Rabinal and about the town of that name. A 
map of Guatemala now before me [says Mr. Bancroft] 
locates seventeen of these ruins. * * * Most of them 
being the remains of fortresses or fortified towns, built on 
strong natural positions at river mouths, guarding the en- 
trances to fertile valleys." The ruins at Cawinal are situ- 
ated on both sides of the stream, in a fine mountain-girt 
valley, the approach to which was g-uarded by a long line 
of fortifications, pyramided mounds, and watch-towers, 
whose remains may yet be seen." 

"One Leon de Pontelli claims to have traveled in North- 
western Guatemala in 1859, and to have discovered many 
ancient and remarkable ruins of great cities at points im- 
possible to locate, somewhere about the confines at Vera 
Paz and Peten." 

Prof. Edward Seler says : "The fortifications skillfully Bureau of 

constructed by the inhabitants of this territory (Guate- E^noioSy 

mala) prove that they had to protect themselves against Bulletin 28. 

constant hostile disturbances." p- ^"• 



31 



Native Races 
Vol. IV, 
p. 132. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, pp. 
567-568. 



WHO WWE THE BUILDERS OF THESE ANCIENT 
FORTIFICATIONS IN GUATEMALA? 

Who were the builders of these fortifications ? What 
does history say? 

Mr. H. H. Bancroft, the historian, says : *T have in a 
preceding- chapter presented the evidence of the existence 
during a few centuries before and after the beginning of 
the Christian era of a great aboriginal empire in Central 
America, narrating all that may be known of its decline and 
fall, resulting from the contentions of the great Maya and 
Nahua powers." 

It was either the Nahuas or Mayas, then, who built 
these fortifications; and there can be little doubt the 
Nahuas, who were settled in the northern part of Guate- 
mala with their principal cities along the Rio Usumacinta, 
and m Chiapas, were the builders, trying to protect their 
homes and lands from attacks made upon them by the 
Mayas. 

Mr. Bancroft says : "It has been seen that the Nahuas ^^\'''^ ^J-^'^f^ 
a few centuries after the beginning of our era were driven ^°'- ^' p- ' ' 
northward and established themselves in Anahuac" (Val- 
ley of Mexico) . 

These fortifications were built, no doubt, before Yuca- 
tan was discovered and settled in the fifth century, when 



Native Races, 
Vol. II, p. 117. 



32 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

the Mayas were located in Southeastern Guatemala, Hon- 
duras, and Salvador. 

In associating the history furnished by the Quiches 
in the Popol Vuh, and the Nahua history by the Toltecs, 
as translated by Ixtlilxochitl, We may gather a good outline 
of the Nahua and Maya history ; though there are no Maya 
records giving their history, the most we know of them is 
obtained from the Nahua and Quiche records. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V. p. 147. 



IXTLILXOCHITL THE NATIVE HISTORIAN. 

"Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl was a grandson of the 
last king of Tezcuco, from whom he inherited all that was 
saved of the records in the public archives, (He translated 
these records early in the sixteenth century.) His works 
are more extensive than those of any other writer, covering 
the whole of Nahua history." 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, pp. 
208-209. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 167. 



631 



NAHUA HISTORY BY THE TOLTECS. 

"I now come to what may be termed the regular annals 
of that branch of the Nahua nations which acquired the 
name of Toltec." 

Mr. Bancroft says : "By the omission of a large amount 
of profitless conjecture, the traditions may be somewhat 
simplified so as to yield, as other traditions have done, some 
items of general information respecting the primitive Na- 
hua period/' Then follows a brief account of the coming 
of the Quinames or giants from the Tower of Babel, and 
their destruction ; which was Ohnec history, recorded in the 
annals of the Nahuas after they united, about 200 B. C. 

We next note an account of an "Assembly of the Wise 
Men in Huehue Tlapallan (this city is thought by some to 
be the holy city, the ruins of which are at Palenque, Chiapas, 
Mexico), the chief city of their dominion" (at that time). 
* * * It was at this assembly (83 B. C.) that "they 
added the bissextile (a leap year), to regulate the solar 
year with the equinox." 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, pp. 
210. 

624 e 



THE GREAT CATACLYSM. 

"One hundred and sixteen years after this regulation 
or invention of the Toltec (Nahua) calendar, the sun and 
moon were eclipsed, the earth shook, and the rocks were 
rent asunder, and many other things and signs (signs of 
what?) happened. This was in the year Ce Calli, which, 
the chronology being reduced to our systems, proves to be 
the same date when Christ our Lord suffered," 33 A. D. 

Here are some important dates which go back nearly a 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

hundred years before the Christian era, taken from historic 
records kept by the Nahuas. 

Then follows another positive date of great importance. 



33 



HUEMAN THE PROPHET. 

"Three hundred and five years later (338 A. D.), when 
the empire (Nahua) had long been at peace," war (which 
must have been by an overwhelming force of the Mayas, so 
powerful the Nahuas could not withstand them) came 
against them. Then we read : "There rose a great astrologer 
(a prophet, as he is called in "Native Races," Vol. V, pp. 
242 and 243), named Hueman (Wa-man), saying that ac- 
cording to their history they had suffered great persecu- 
tions. * * * Consequently it did not behoove them to remain 
so near their enemies; moreover his astrologjr had taught 
him that there was a broad and happy land where the 
Quinames had lived for many years (Mexico, from the 
Isthmus of Tehuantepec north) , but so long a time had now 
passed since their destruction, and their enemies (the 
Mayas) rarely penetrated those regions." 

Beginning with this date, 338 A. D., we follow the 
migrations of the Nahuas, which would now include the 
Olmecs and Xicalancas. 

For centuries before the national migrations of the 
Nahuas northward, colonies of the Nahua people at differ- 
ent times had moved northward, or north of the Isthmus of 
Tehuantepec into Mexico, which must have weakened the 
Nahuas in the south. 

It is evident the Nahuas made a stand in the Isthmus 
of Tehuantepec, and their fortifications may still be seen 
there. 

There must have been a treaty made here between the 
Nahuas and Mayas, as we read, "It has been seen, in what 
has been said on the subject, that there was a dividing line 
between the Nahuas and Mayas, drawn across the Isthmus 
of Tehuantepec." 

The next record we find of the Nahuas, we read of 
them some 40 or 50 years later on the plains of Teotihuacan 
in the Valley of Mexico, where the aged Hueman makes an 
abridgment of all the Toltec (Nahua) records. 

It Was here at Teotihuacan, tradition says, the Nahuas 
were defeated by the Mayas, and the few who were left 
scattered to the north, south, east and west, Ixtlilxochitl 
says, 387 A. D. 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, pp. 
210-211. 



695 4 
698 30 

Native Races, 
Vol. IV, pp. 
368-9. 

Native Races, 
Vol. IV, p. 366; 
Vol. II, p. 92. 

692 60 
61 
62 

Native Races, 
Vol. V, pp. 
248-251. 

701 5 

Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 209, 
foot-note. 

700 44 



34 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 248. 



701 7 
8 

Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 251. 



291 



16 
18 



Mexican 
Antiquities, by 
Kingsborough, 
Vol. VI, pp. 
256-8. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

AN ABRIDGMENT OF THEIR RECORDS IN TEOTI- 
HUACAN IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO. 

AN ACCOUNT OF THE NAHUAS IN THE VALLEY OF 
MEXICO AT TEOTIHUACAN, 

We next read of a meeting of all the sages under the 
direction of the aged Hueman. * * * "At this assem- 
bly there were brought forward all the Toltec records reach- 
ing back to the earliest period of their existence, and from 
these documents, after a long conference and the most care- 
ful study, the Teoamoxtli, or Book of God, was prepared. In 
its pages were inscribed the Nahua annals from the time 
of the deluge, or even from the creation ; together with all 
their religious rites, governmental system, laws, and social 
customs, * * * and a complete explanation of their 
modes of reckoning time, and interpreting the hieroglyphics. 
To the divine book was added a chapter of prophecies re- 
specting future events and the signs by which it should be 
known when the time of their fulfillment was drawing 
near." 

"The Toltecs (Nahuas), according to their ancient 
history, were the race who peopled the country after the 
giants, of whom mention has been made in the preceding 
chapter." The Toltecs say their ancestors proceeded from 
a .region situated in the west (across the Pacific) to Tulan 
(Zuiva), the first city which they founded; and add also 
that they brought with them maize, cotton and other seeds 
and vegetables which grow in this country, and they ex- 
celled in working in metals, and in stone." 

"Their downfall and destruction, as a great nation, as 
reported by the very few who were left, was from the perse- 
cutions and oppression of certain kings (Mayas) for the 
space of more than five hundred years, and it appeared to 
them that their persecutions proceeded from the anger of 
the gods" (or of God). 



701 



3 

5 

10 

11 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 209, 
foot-note. 



THE RECORD OF THEIR DESTRUCTION. 

"They were gathered together in a general assembly 
composed of all the priests, princes and considerable lords 
in a place called Teotihuacan, which is in a district a short 
distance north of the present City of Mexico/* Then follows 
a relation of tales in w^hich the Toltecs (Nahuas) were smit- 
ten, day after day, with terrible destruction by a vast multi- 
tude of their enemies until they scattered in different direc- 
tions, east, west, north, and south. 

The date given by Ixtlilxochitl of the Toltec (Nahua) 
banishment from their country and their migrating to Huit- 
lapalan, California, as 387 A. D., and centuries lat^r returned 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

again to the Valley of Mexico, their history says 648 A. D., 
and have been known as Toltecs since. 

I am very sure this statement of the overthrow of the 
Nahuas as a nation, which would include the Olmecs and 
Xicalancas, who were then a part of that nation, as given 
by Ixtlilxochitl in his translation from the Toltecs' record, 
is true history and the date 387 is comparatively correct, 
and some of the Olmecs and Xicalancas who fled to their 
seaport, "Xicalanco," "on the Gulf," just below Vera Cruz 
of the present day, "sailed to South America as Boturini 
said," about 387 A. D. 

They were driven from Chiapas and Tabasco and their 
migrations began under the leadership of Hueman, 338 A. 
D., so we are told; then follows a long description of their 
journeyings with families and stock, the men continually 
fighting off the Maya armies until they finally reached the 
Valley of Mexico, where they were destroyed as a nation, 
387 A. D. And the few who were left scattered north, south, 
east, and west, some of them to return again to the Valley 
of Mexico in 648 A. D., and then known as Toltecs. 



3S 



701 



Native Races, 
Vol. V. p. 208. 



REPRESENTATIONS OF THE BEARDED WHITE MAN. 

The bearded white man of American tradition called 
Quetzal-Coatl by the Nahuas, Cukulcan by the Mayas, and 
Gucumatz by the Quiches, the various names in the dif- 
ferent languages of the different tribes translated by the 
Spanish writers as feathered-serpent, bird-serpent, or 
feathered-snake, but was intended by the Indians to repre- 
sent the Words "flying serpent," their name for the bearded 
white man who appeared amongst them mysteriously, and 
disappeared as mysteriously as he came. The rebus used 
by the ancient Americans to represent him was a bird and 
serpent. ..- • . 

A copper medal Wa^ found in GuatemSa b/'Ordone^ 
about 1794 A. D. He refers the origin of it to the founders 
of Palenque. 

On one side is a representation of the bearded white 
man kneeling between two fierce heads ; on the reverse side 
is the bird and serpent, showing the medal gives a represen- 
tation of the bearded white man and his name represented 
by the bird and serpent, or "flying serpent." 



Native Races, 
Vol. V, p. 23. 



57 



571 



134 

135 

47 

48 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV. p. 118. 



MEXICAN PICTURE WRITINGS. 

Fragment 16 of Alexander Von Humboldt Collection, 
found in 1803, the original is in the iRoyal Library at Ber- 
lin. This fragment is a coarse paper made of agave fibers. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 



4J 73 




AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 37 

It is very old and much damaged ; the drawings are done in 
black without other coloring. The pictures begin above at 
the left and continue in this row from left to right, but in 
the second row from right to left, and so on, the direction 
alternating. 

There can be little doubt the representations are of the 
birth and crucifixion of Christ, of his descent into hell, his 
resurrection and ascent into heaven, and possible reference 
to the Ten Commandments. And this was the bearded 
white man called by the Nahuas of Mexico Quetzal-Coatl, 
or "Flying Serpent." 

THE BEARDED WHITE MAN. 

One of the greatest, if not the greatest event recorded 
in traditional history of the Ancient Americans was the 
mysterious appearance of a bearded white man who came 
to them as a teacher of religion. 

This could not be a legendary account of a mythic per- 
sonage that had no foundation in fact, but was a circum- 
stance considered by the ancient historians to be of very 
great importance, and many and various accounts of his 
appearance and teachings were carefully recorded and pre- 
served in their annals, and handed down for nearly two 
thousand years. 

CULTURE-HEJIOES OF TRADITION. 

Mr. Bancroft says: "Although bearing various names voi!Yiif pp!*' 
and appearing in different countries, the American culture- 45, "135.' 451'. 
heroes all present the same general characteristics. They 
are all described as white, bearded man, generally clad in ^^2 9 

long (white) robes; appearing suddenly and mysteriously ^0 

upon the scene of their labors, they at once set about im- 1^ 

proving the people by instructing them in useful and orna- 
mental arts, giving them laws, exhorting them to practice 
brotherly love and other Christian virtues, and introducing a 
milder and better form of religion; having accomplished 
their mission, they disappear as mysteriously and unexpect- 
edly as they came; and finally, they are apotheosized and 
held in great reverence by a grateful posterity. 

"In such guise, or on such mission, did Quetzal- 
Coatl appear in Cholula, Votan in Chiapas, Wixepecocha in 
Oajaca, Zamma and Cukulcan in Yucatan, Gucumatz in 
Guatemala, Vira-Cocha in Peru, Sume and Paye-Tome in 
Brazil, Bochica in Colombia." 

This tradition, as we see, is not confined to Mexico and 
Central America, but the same description of a white and 
bearded man is found in South America. "Bohica (or 



38 



57 


134 


571 


47 


Native 


Races, 


Vol. III.. 


p. 267. 


Bureau of 


American Eth- 


nology, 


Bulle- 


tin 28, p. 


583. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

Bochica) , a white man with a beard, appeared to the Mozca 
Indians in the plains of Bogota. * * * Having settled 
the government, civil and ecclesiastical, he retired * ♦ * 
for two thousand years." 

A bird, a serpent, and the Christian cross were used 
by the Ancient Americans to represent the bearded white 
man who appeared so mysteriously among them. 

The bird chosen, and set apart as sacred, to be a part 
of the symbol to represent this bearded white man, was, 
according to John Lloyd Stephens, the traveler, "the most 
beautiful thing that flies," called the quetzal. Thus the 
rebus, the bird and serpent, or in short, bird-serpent, or 
flying serpent, designated by different names in the dif- 
ferent languages of the different tribes or nations, yet 
meaning the same thing, FLYING-SERPENT. 

This is a very important discovery, and surely leads to 
the solving of the problem, as to the identity of the bearded 
white man referred to in the traditions of the Ancient 
Americans throughout the Western Continent. 



Popular His- 
tory of South 
America and 
Panama, pp. 
3-4. 



Conquest of 
Mexico, Vol. II, 
p. 388. 



670 30 



History of 
America by S. 
S. Goodrich, 
pp. 42 and 48. 



QUETZAL-COATL OF NAHUA HISTORY, 
THE GREATEST NAHUA LEGENI). 

"There are great legends, worthy of noblest represen- 
tation in poetry and art, that belong to the dusk of Amer- 
ican tradition." * * * "One of these relates to Quetzal- 
Coatl, who came from the Eastern World to Guatemala, 
and to the golden age that arose under his preaching, when 
the birds sang never so sweetly, when the flowers bloomed 
never so brightly, when a single ear of corn taxed the 
strength of a man, and no violence was allowed to bird, 
beast or man, Quetzal-Coatl, of whom the beautiful bird of 
Guatemala, the quetzal, is still a reminder — a bird that, ac- 
cording to John Lloyd Stephens, the explorer, is *the most 
beautiful thing that flies.' " 

William H. Prescott, in Conquest of Mexico, Vol. 2, p. 
388, says: "But none of the deities of the country sug- 
gested such astonishing analogies with Scripture as Quet- 
zal-Coatl. He was the white man, wearing a beard, who 
came from the east; and who, after presiding over the 
golden age of Anahuac, disappeared as mysteriously as he 
had come. As he promised to return at some future day, 
his reappearance was looked for with confidence by each 
succeeding generation." 

It is true that each succeeding generation was looking 
for the return of this bearded man. When Christopher 
Columbus and his crew visited the American Continent, 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL^ AMERICA 

"The natives everywhere received them as celestial visi- 
tants." "Where villages of a thousand or more of the 
natives Were seen, they threw themselves prostrate on the 
earth, endeavoring to express by gesticulations that they 
considered the Spaniards as descended from heaven." 

When CJortez first visited the Coast of Mexico the 
native Mexicans begged to be permitted to behold him whom 
they sought; they were conducted to the fore part of the 
vessel, where Cortez was already expecting them, with mock 
majesty. They were introduced, and when they saw him 
majestically seated upon a throne, they prostrated them- 
selves upon the deck and kissed it. When rising, he who 
was the principal of them all addressed him: 'Our Lord 
and God, we welcome your arrival, since we who are your 
servants have long expected you.' " 



39 



Mexican 
Antiquities, 
Kingsborough, 
Vol. VI. p. 343. 



A MEXICAN TRADITION. 

"Amongst the Mexicans there suddenly appeared 
Quetzal-Coatl, *a white and bearded man/ " etc. 



Native Races, 
Vol. Ill, p. 269. 



THE BEARDED WHITE MAN CALLED "FEATHERED 
SERPENT" OR "FLYING SERPENT." 

The account of the mysterious appearance of the 
bearded white man seems to have been known to all the 
nations of North, South and Central America. He was 
called by many of the nations "Feathered Serpent." His 
symbols were a bird, a serpent and the cross. 

"His emblematic name, the Bird-Serpent, and his rebus, 
the bird, serpent and the cross, are at Palenque." 

The Temple of the Cross at Palenque has a tablet en- 
graved on the back wall. "The center is occupied by a large 
design, which is a figure resembling a cross, on which the 
sacred quetzal bird sits." 

The Nahua nations called the bearded white man 
Quetzal-Coatl, meaning in their language "Feathered 
Serpent." The Mayas called him "Cukulcan," which means 
"Feathered Serpent" in their language, and the Quiches of 
Guatemala called him "Gucumatz," which means "Feathered 
Snake" in their language. 



Native Races, 
Vol. III., p. 268. 



Native Races, 
Vol. Ill, p. 267, 
and 

Bureau of 
American 
Ethnology, 
Bulletin 28, 
p. 583. 



Native Races, 
Vol. III., pp. 
475-451-135. 



FEATHERED SERPENT. 

A very important question, which few writers have 
tried to explain, is, '*Why was the bearded white man, this 

1! ii';;^' OcUyv\< 



40 



Native Races, 
Vol. v., pp. 26- 
87. 



57 134 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

wonderful personage of tradition, called "Feathered Ser- 
pent"? 

Lord Kingsborough and other writers considered this 
peculiar title to be one of the strong proofs of an Israelitish 
origin of the ancient Americans, who, having a knowledge 
of the brazen serpent raised by Moses, and knowing it to 
be a symbol of the Messiah, took this way to show the 
bearded white man to be the Christ. I quote : "It's probable 
that Quetzal-Coatl, whose proper name signifies 'Feathered 
Serpent,' was so called after the brazen serpent which Moses 
lifted up in the wilderness, the feathers perhaps alluding to 
the rabbinical tradition that the fiery serpents which God 
sent against the Israelites were of a winged species." 



Isa, 14:29 
20:6. 
John 3:14. 



and 



Native Races, 
Vol. II, p. 113; 
Vol. III., p. 2R1. 



A FIERY FLYING SERPENT. 

That the Israelites believed the fiery serpents the Lord 
sent among the people (Num. 21:6 to 9) were of a winged 
species is borne out by the reference made by the Prophet 
Isaiah to "a fiery flying serpent." Both references are in 
the singular, which may point to the fiery brass serpent set 
up by Moses, or to Christ, which it symbolized. 

St. John says, "And as Moses lifted up the serpent in 
the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up." 
The reference, therefore, by the Prophet Isaiah to "a fiery 
flying serpent" appears to be referring in some way to 
Christ, the Messiah. 

Surely Lord Kingsborough and others were within the 
bounds of reason in thinking that "Feathered Serpent" was 
symbolic of the fiery "flying serpent," thus one of the many- 
proofs that the ancestors of some of the Mexicans and Cen- 
tral Americans were Israelitish and that the bearded white 
man was the Messiah. 



Mexican 
Antiquities, by 
Kingrsborough. 
Vbl, VI, pp. 
166-6. 



See Nativ* 
Races, Vol. Ill, 
pp. 272-3. 



QUETZAL-COATL, THE LORD OF THE NAHUAS. 

ANCIENT AMERICANS HAD A KNOWLEGE 

OF CHRISTIANITY. 

"Torquemada informs us on the authority of Las Casas 
that Quetzal-Coatl had been in Yucatan (Palenque), and 
was there adored" (worshiped). 

"The interpreters of the Vatican Codex say in the 
following passage, that the Mexicans had a tradition that 
Quetzal-Coatl died upon the cross, and, according to their 
belief, for the sins of mankind." 

"This tradition from the Vatican MSS. acquires the 
most authentic character from the corroboration which it 



A ND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 



41 







42 



History of 
Mexico, by 
Bancroft, p. 
101. 



Bureau of 
American Eth- 
nology, Bulle- 
tin 28, p. 583. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

receives from several paintings in the Codex Borgian, or 
Borgian manuscript, which actually represent Quetzal-Coatl 
crucified, nailed to the cross. These paintings are contained 
in the 4th, 72nd, 73rd and 75th pages of the above mentioned 
MSS. The article of his burial, resurrection and descent into 
hell appears also to be represented in the 71st and 73rd 
pages of the same MSS." jj---:- 

"The chief divinity of the Nahua Nations was Quetzal- 
Coatl, the gentle God, ruler of the air, controller of the sun 
and rain, and source of all prosperity." 

Throughout Mexico and Guatemala there were hun- 
dreds of temples dedicated to Quetzal-Coatl, but the Temple 
of the Cross at Palenque "was the only one having his rebus 
complete. 

In this temple on the back wall of the Holy of Holies 
was a tablet engraved representing the cross, a bird and 
a serpent. The bird standing upon the cross is recognized 
as the sacred quetzal bird of Guatemala, and implies more 
for this temple than for any other, which is significant; 
this evidently was the place where the bearded white man 
first appeared, who is represented on the copper medal 
found by Ordonez in 1794, who refers its origin to Palenque. 



Pilgrimages 
made to Pal- 
enque. 

Ancient Cities 
of the New 
World, Desire 
Charnay, pp. 
245-246. 



Priest, not 
warriors. 



Native Races, 
Vol. IV., pp. 
288-289. 
A religious 
center. Palen- 
que a famous 
city. 



PALENQUE AN IMPORTANT RELIGIOUS CENTER. 
Desire Charnay said of Palenque: 

"It was a holy place, an important religious center, a 

city which was resorted to as a place of pilgrimage, teeming 
with shrines and temples. The great edifice was not a 
royal palace, but rather a priestly habitation occupied by 
the higher clergy of this holy center, as the reliefs every- 
where attest." 

"On the reliefs at Palenque we behold peaceful, stately 
subjects, usually a personage standing with a scepter, a 
calm, majestic figure, whose mouth emits a flame, emblem 
of speech and oratory ; no arttis, no warriors, nothing but 
preachers." ^..a,.- j^ a 

Mr. Bancroft says : — «•— -| -^^ 

"Here is an earthly paradise, the cliarms of which have 
been enjoyed with enthusiastic delight by the few lovers o^f 



r'-'/// 



Nature who have penetrated its solitudes." _ , ^ 

"The natural advantages of this region seem to have 
been fully appreciated by aboriginal Americans, for here 
they reared the temples and palaces of one of the grandest 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

cities or religious centers, which as a ruins, under the name 
of Palenque, has become famous throughout the world, as 
it was, doubtless, throughout America in the days of its 
pristine glory many centuries ago." 

Palenque was built on the foothills on the borders of 
the Usumacinta Valley, overlooking the forest-covered 
plains towards the Gulf; affording a wonderful view, the 
waters of the Gulf could be seen in the distance. 



43 



Beautiful 
location. 



NAHUAS LEFT THEIR LANDS AND SACRED CITY. 

Evidences show that colonies of the Nahuas left the 
regions along the Rio Usumacinta, migrating into the land 
northwa,rd, one colony going as early as 45 B. C. These 
colonies settled in the Valley of Mexico and on the beautiful 
plains of Huitzilapan, rebuilding an ancient city found there, 
which they called Cholula. 

Here in Cholula, tradition says, they were visited by 
the bearded white man, "Quetzal-Coatl," who, when he de- 
parted from their city, took four virtuous young men with 
him, and their history says, "The four disciples returned to 
Cholula." 



Native Races, 
Vol. III., pp. 
258-9. 

672 14 

15 

679 49 



NAHUAS OVERCOME AND SCATTERED. 

When the Nahuas were driven out of Guatemala, Ta- 
basco and Chiapas in the fourth century by the Mayas, and 
they were forced to leave their sacred city, ruins of which 
are at Palenque, then Cholula became their sacred city, or 
religious center. 

After the Nahuas were overcome and destroyed as a 
nation in 387 A. D., as Ixtlilxochitl tells us, and the few 
left scattered, centuries later returning as nations or tribes, 
the first of which were the Toltecs, rebuilding their sacred 
city, Cholula, and settling in the Valley of Mexico. 

TWO HOLY CITIES, AT PALENQUE AND CHOLULA. 

"The chief renown of Cholula consisted in being the 
holy city of Anahuac, unequalled for the frequency and 
pomp of her festivals and sacred pageants, in being the 
religious center for countless pilgrims who journeyed from 
afar to worship at the shrines here maintained, not only by 
the citizens, but by princes of different countries. Her 
temples were estimated to equal the number of days in the 
year." 

"Cholula was, in her ancient days, what Rome is today. 
Pilgrims came from hundreds of miles — as do the Moham- 



Native Races, 
Vol. v., p. 209, 
foot-note. 



Ancient Cities 
of tlie New 
World, Desire 
Charnay, p. 
245-246. 
History of 
Mexico, by 
Bancroft, p. 
237. 



Campbell's 
Complete Guide 
to Mexico, p. 
239. 



44 HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

medans to Mecca — to bow down before the temple of Quet- 
zal-Coatl in the Holy City of Anahuac." 

Thus we see the two places where the bearded white 
man appeared to the Nahuas became holy cities, sacred 
places, and continued to be for many centuries; in fact, 
Cholula was, until the time of the conquest by the Spaniards, 
1519 A. D., very much the same as Jerusalem in the days 
of the Crusaders. 

Native Races. Quetzal-Coatl was identified by some of the Spanish 

priests with St. Thomas the Apostle, by others with the 
Messiah. 

Why did they think Quetzal-Coatl of the Nahuas was 
the Apostle St. Thomas, or the Messiah ? 

They found the Christian cross had been an object of 
veneration for centuries before they came, that the Nahuas 
practiced baptism and other Christian rites and customs. 

The History of St. Thomas from the day of Pentecost 
to the day of his death in India, after a six-yea,r missionary 
trip in China, has been kept by the St. Thomas Church of 
India (who are known as Nestorians), so that the theory 
that St. Thomas the Apostle came to America is unfounded, 
and Quetzal-Coatl must have been the Messiah, and is so 
nicely described in the history of the Ancient Americans as 
found in their records kept for centuries. 



Native Races, 
Vol II, p. 260 
and 270. 



Native Races, 
Vol. Ill, p. 270. 



Native Races, 
Vol. II., p. 631. 



NAHUA HISTORY. 

AFTER THE OLMECS AND XICALANCAS UNITED 

WITH THE NAHUAS. 

"After the enfranchisement of the Olmecs, a man 
named Quetzal-Coatl arrived in the country, whom Garcia, 
Torquemada, Sahagun and other Spanish writers took to 
be St. Thomas. 

It was also at that time that the third age ended and 
the fourth began, called Sun of Fire because it was supposed 
that it was in this last stage that the world would be de- 
stroyed by fire. 

MAYA HISTORY. 

CONFEDERATED EMPIRES IN GUATEMALA AND 

CHIAPAS WERE THE NAHUAS, OLMECS AND 

MAYAS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 

CHRISTIAN ERA. 

"In the days of ancient Maya glory, when Votan (the 
bird-serpent of the Mayas) and his successors reigned 
over mighty and perhaps confederated empires in Chiapas, 
Guatemala, and Yucatan, the kings were pictured by tra- 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

dition as combining the character and po'wers of legisla- 
tors, teachers, high priests and monarchs." 

"After a long term of prosperity this government in 
Guatemala and Chiapas became weakened, and at last prac- 
tically destroyed." 

We may see from these brief sketches of history the 
time when the Nahuas, Mayas and other tribes or nations 
had a long term of peace and prosperity, when they dwelt 
in Guatemala and Chiapas. 

Made Known in Guatemala a God Had Been Born. 

An occurrence is related by Torquemada as follows: 
"After the people of the country had multiplied and in- 
creased, it was made known in the province of Otlata (Uta- 
tlan) that a God had been bom. 



45 



Native Races, 
Vol. v.. p. 544, 



602 22 



MORNING STAR CONNECTED WITH DEITY. 

"The Augustine monk Padre Jeronimo Roman y Za- 
mora relates of the tribe settled on the borders of the 
Zapotic and Mixtec countries, that they paid great reverence 
to the Morning Star, and kept an accurate record of its 
appearance, as observations of the stars was the duty of 
the priests. The Morning Star, it seems, was ever regarded 
as connected with the Deity. They said that Quetzal-Coatl 
died when the star became visible." 

"Quetzal-Coatl was represented as of white complexion, 
clothed in a white robe ; the Morning Star was his symbol." 



Morning- Star. 
Bureau of 
American Eth- 
nology, Bulle- 
tin 28, p. 359. 

602 22 

24 



Morning- Star. 
Native Races, 
Vol. III., p. 267. 



FROM THE BIBLE. 

"I, Jesus, have sent mine Angel to testify unto you 
these things in the Churches. I am the root and the off- 
spring of David, and the Bright and Morning Star." 



Rev. 22:16. 



NAHUA HISTORY. 
QUETZAL-COATL CALLED LORD. 

"And only Quetzal-Coatl of all the Gods was pre- 
eminently called Lord." 

"This Quetzal-Coatl is now held as a Deity." 

Quetzal-Coatl is he who was born of a Virgin. 

"Quetzal-Coatl was he who they say created the world, 
and they bestowed on him the appellation of Lord." 

"Among the Mexicans (at Cholula) there suddenly ap- 
peared Quetzal-Coatl, green feather snake, a bearded white 
man." 

The feathers of the quetzal bird were a brilliant red 
and green. 



Native Races, 
Vol. III., p. 251. 

Native Races, 
Vol. III., p. 250. 

Native Races. 
Vol. III., p. 271. 

Native Races, 
Vol. III., p. 272. 

Native Races, 
Vol. III., p. 269. 

Native Races, 
Vol. II., p. 405. 

Bureau of 
American Eth- 
nology, Bulle- 
tin 28, p. 652. 



46 



Native Races. 
Vol. II., p. 633. 



HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

MAYA HISTORY. 

Cukulcan, a famous personage bearing a striking re- 
semblance in his traditional career and in the etymology of 
his name to the Quetzal-Coatl of the Nahuas. 



Bancroft's 
Native Races, 
Vol. II., p. 635. 



PLUME OF QUETZAL FEATHERS. 

Whenever the Maya king appeared in public he was al- 
ways attended by a large company, and wore a long white 
robe ; his crown was a plain golden circle, wider on the fore- 
head than behind, and surmounted with a plume of quetzal 
feathers. This bird was reserved for the king and highest 
nobles, death being the penalty, according to Ordonez, for 
one of the lower ranks who should capture the bird or wear 
its plumage. 



Native Races, 
Vol. II., p. 659. 



Sacred packs 
of the Osage 
Indians, Okla- 
homa. 

Des Moines 
Capital, April 
3, 1911. 



THE MAYA CRIMINAL CODE OF GUATEMALA. 

"In Guatemala — He who killed the quetzal, a bird 
reserved for the kings, was put to death." 

"Washington, D. C, April 3, 1911.— Officials of the 
Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion are highly pleased over the acquisition of a sacred pack 
of the Osage Indians ; very few, if any, have ever been ob- 
tained by scientists before. These sacred packs are precious 
from a religious standpoint of the Indians, and are put in 
charge of the priest, or medicine-man, who keeps them care- 
fully hidden. At certain periods they are opened, and the 
contents worshipped, amid the most elaborate ceremonies; 
but even at these times only the chosen men of the tribe are 
allowed to see the strange and sacred contents. This pack 
wa,s secured for the National Museum by Francis le Flesh- 
che, an educated Omaha Indian. One of these was opened 
with much care by Dr. Walter Hough, who found the out- 
side to be made of a rare Indian fabric, woven of the silky 
brown hair of the buffalo. Inside of this was a buckskin 
bag, and the last bundle inside the buckskin bag was the 
most important of all, for it represented the Holy of Holies. 
In this bundle was a buckskin object resembling a head- 
band, and inside of this was found the most sacred object, 
the body of a (quetzal) bird, which had been mummified 
and was a brilliant vermilion and green." 



This shows that the Osage Indians had a knowledge of 
the sacred emblem of Quetzal-Coatl, and had this bird of 
Guatemala mummified as an object of worship in Oklahoma. 



AND RUINS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 

PRIESTS OF THE ORDER OF QUiETZAL-COATL. 

"He (Quetzal-Coatl) had Priests who were called Que- 
quetzal-Co-huas, that is to say, Priests of the Order of 
Quetzal-Coatl." 

The kings were often High Priests and head of this 
Order of Priests, and wore plumes of the quetzal feathers 
as the insignia of their office, as did all this Priesthood of 
the order of Quetzal-Coatl, as seen in pictures of men with 
this feather head-dress throughout Mexico and Central 
America. 

A COUNCIL OF TWELVE MEN. 

Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg, on the authority of some 
of his original MSS., states there was a council of twelve, 
presided over by the King. Dr. Le Plongeon says, "There 
was a council of twelve Priests." 

TWO ALHPABETS SIMILAR TO EGYPTIAN. 

Mrs. Alice Le Plongeon says, "Like the Egyptians, the 
Mayas had a demotic (popular) and a sacred alphabet, 
many of the signs in each being similar to those of the 
Egyptians." Characters like those used by the Egyptians 
in use by the Mayas are shown in Dr. Le Plongeon's work. 



47 

Native Races, 
Vol. III., p. 259. 

633 21 

653 70 

71 

Native Races, 
Vol. II., p. 730. 

312 25 



760 



1 

2 

Native Races, 
Vol. II, p. 231, 
foot-note. 
Sacred Mys- 
teries of the 
New World, p. 
49. 

Here and There 
in Yucatan, p. 
116. 

Sacred Mys- 
teries of the 
New World, p. 
XII. 



BABYLONIAN DESIGNS AND STRANGE CHARAC- 
TERS FOUND IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO. 

By Prof. Wm. Niven. 

"Archaeological discoveries in excavations now being 
made in the Valley of Mexico." 

"The valley lies a vast emerald oval, surrounded by 
towering mountains, wonderfully beautiful is the scene of 
softly sloping and fertile country." 

"In all the localities where archaeological ruins abound 
in this country there is probably none of such vast impor- 
tance for the student and explorer as in the Valley of 
Mexico." 

"Some of the bones (of the primitive people) show a 
race over the average of the ordinary size. Many of these 
pre-historic persons have been more than six feet in height. 
Very, very few arrow heads are found, needles made from 
bone are plentiful, the needles with a hole near the point 
show they knew the art of knitting. Spindle whorls, similar 
to those found in Troy, were found in vast numbers, and all 
of them have strange characters and designs, which are 
more highly artistic than those found in Egypt. Eagle 
heads are also plentiful, with curious Babylonian characters 
and Grecian decorations. Cylinders for the rolling of manu- 



San Antonio, 
Texas, Ex- 
press, April 14, 
1918. 



613 73 



48 HISTORICAL DATA FROM ANCIENT RECORDS 

script with Babylonian designs are found. No doubt they 
knew the art of writing and printing, as is shown by seals 
which are found in quantities." 

TRADITIONAL HISTORY OF DESTRUCTION OF ROB- 
BERS IN OAXACA IN ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC. 

"One of the earliest conquests of the Zapotic Kings was 
f J that of the Mountain of the Sun, near the town of Macuilxu- 
Native Races, chil. There dwelt on this mountain a tribe of very fierce 
Vol. v., p. 531. an(j blood-thirsty barbarians, who lived by plundering the 
surrounding nations. At length their depredations became 
so frequent, and were attended with such cruelty, that it 
became evident that the country would soon be abandoned 
by its inhabitants unless the robbers were annihilated. Ac- 
cordingly, a large force of picked troops was sent against 
them under the command of two renowned warriors. The 
expedition was successful. After a desperate resistance, 
the robbers were overpowered and slaughtered to a man." 

IN CONCLUSION. 

I have gathered together these historical facts from 
ancient records, traditions, and the location of ruins, and 
am offering them to students of American Archaeology as 
a help for further research into the dim past of the great 
civilizations that once flourished in Mexico and Central 
America. 

In my study of the records of the Ancient Ame,ricans, 
the ruins of cities, and temples still standing, and recent 
archaeological discoveries, I have made many geographical 
locations, based upon facts discovered in their historical 
records, not theories. We have had too much theorizing in 
the past, and some historical facts, not agreeing with the 
fancy of some writers, have been called MYTHS ; it is truth 
we want, and evidence based upon facts that are valuable. 

LOUIS E. HILLS. 



LIBRRRY OF CONGRESS 



016 260 413 2 



